Over the years, many readers of this Report--notably students wavering between graduate and professional school--have expressed interest in having information about opportunities for philosophical study in law schools. There are, of course, a number of similarities between the study of law and philosophy: lawyers and philosophers both hone their argumentative and dialectical skills (indeed, law is one of the few professions other than philosophy in which the analysis, construction and refutation of arguments is a central part of professional life); both are concerned with clarity and logical rigor; and many issues in law--affirmative action, abortion, privacy rights, punishment, contractual promises--have important philosophical dimensions. Legal philosophy has been a thriving area of debate in law schools ever since H.L.A. Hart's The Concept of Law (1961); and issues of moral and political philosophy have been discussed both in connection with legal philosophy, as well as constitutional law, torts, and contracts. There is a large legal literature on the philosophical foundations of criminal law (addressing, for example, issues about free will and moral responsibility, and the justification of punishment); and more recently, there has been a growing interest in law schools in philosophy of language, metaethics and Continental philosophy.

Unfortunately, a great deal of what passes for "philosophy" in law schools--even at some excellent law schools--is sophomoric. Students thinking of getting a legal education, but who want to keep their philosophical interests alive (or perhaps even pursue a career in legal academia), must pick their schools carefully.

Many publications rank law schools; none do it competently, and most produce rankings that are regarded as bad jokes by legal scholars and lawyers. (The most notorious are the U.S. News rankings, most notable for their bias in favor of small, private schools. For criticisms of the U.S. News "methodology," and an attempt to develop a ranking system based on more conventional academic criteria, see http://www.utexas.edu/law/faculty/bleiter/rankings/. This ranking is now the most serious competitor to U.S. News, and garners more than 10,000 hits per week during the peak application season.).

For purposes of students thinking about teaching careers, the most important factor is the scholarly distinction of the faculty. There are some 180 accredited law schools in the U.S., but the top 17 law schools in terms of faculty quality are (in alphabetical order) the following:

Yale and Harvard are clearly at the top of this cluster, with Stanford, Chicago, Columbia, and perhaps NYU close behind; Duke Northwestern, UCLA, and USC are towards the bottom of this cluster.

Students should bear in mind that intellectual standards in law schools are not the same as in philosophy departments. A good deal of work at places like Yale and Harvard would be considered sub-standard by scholars in the cognate disciplines, including philosophy. Nonetheless, there is a reasonable correlation between prestige of the law school and intellectual caliber of the faculty, but philosophy majors have repeatedly told me about their surprise and disappointment at some of what goes on in the classroom at leading law schools. This is why it pays for students with a serious interest in philosophy to investigate law schools with some care.

Those law schools in the United States offering the most for students with philosophical interests are clearly Berkeley, Cardozo, Columbia, Michigan, Penn, Texas, UCLA, Virginia, and Yale.

In Canada, the top choices are clearly the law schools at York University, Toronto (Osgoode Hall) and University of Toronto , which are also the top two law faculties in the country. ( British Columbia , McGill, and Victoria also boast leading Canadian law faculties, with McGill and Victoria having the most to offer philosophically-minded students.) In the United Kingdom, where law is an undergraduate degree, the most attractive choice is Oxford University, though the other leading law faculties-Cambridge University, University College London, London School of Economics-all have good offerings as well.

Students with strong philosophy interests considering law school are obviously well-advised to weigh many other factors besides the opportunities for continued philosophical study and reflection. Since the program at most law schools, however, does include considerable opportunity for elective courses, philosophically-minded students may want to consider their philosophical opportunities.

Many universities now advertise joint J.D./Ph.D. programs (some schools which don't officially "advertise" them will permit students to pursue a J.D. and Ph.D. simultaneously anyway: Berkeley is an example). Students are well-advised to investigate how such "joint" programs work in reality, and whether there is any real coordination of faculty and interests between the Law School and Philosophy Department. Such courses of study are most valuable for those thinking about a career in legal academia, where it is now very common for law professors to have graduate training in another discipline. Most important for a career in legal academia, though, are qualifications like: an excellent law-school record; service on the law review; and prestigious judicial clerkships. Students with academic ambitions and philosophical interests that lend themselves to legal study may want to consider legal academia: compared to philosophy academia, salaries are much higher, tenure-tracks shorter and less daunting, research support better, and teaching loads more reasonable (two courses per term is the norm; three courses per year is also not too uncommon). (For more on getting in to law teaching, see http://www.utexas.edu/law/faculty/bleiter/GUIDE.HTM)

Keep in mind that Oxford University continues to be the world leader in legal philosophy, and by a wide margin: no school anywhere else in the English-speaking world has either Oxford 's depth or breadth of strength in legal philosophy. Thus, one possibility also worth exploring is earning the DPhil at Oxford and earning a law degree from a top U.S. school.

The top choices for a JD/PhD, in terms of the caliber of the respective units and quality and quantity of offerings, are Columbia, NYU, Texas, and UCLA. Other good choices would include: Berkeley, Chicago, Georgetown, Michigan, Osgoode/York, Penn, Toronto, Virginia, Yale. (At Yale, Penn, York, Virginia, and Georgetown, law and philosophy are not evenly matched in terms of quality [in each case law is quite a bit stronger than philosophy]; at Michigan, there is no coordination between the units.)  Somewhat easier to get in to, but still with good offerings, are BU, Illinois, Iowa, Minnesota, North Carolina, Notre Dame, Wash U (St. Louis).

Other (more regional) law schools that offer particularly good opportunities for philosophical study in the Law School are: Arizona State University; Cardozo Law School/Yeshiva University; Fordham University; Georgia State University; University of San Diego; and Wayne State University. Cardozo and Georgia State are the best choices for students with philosophical interests; Georgia State offers the strongest JD/MA program in the country after BU (BU is a stronger law school overall, though in moral, political and legal philosophy Georgia State is competitive).